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Range - Weather

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WIND:

Wind flags

Outdoor shooting ranges sometimes have wind flags, positioned between the firing line (where the shooters are) and the targets. Shooters observe these flags to make an estimate of wind speed, which is then converted into lateral minute of arc point of aim corrections or, alternatively, windage holdoff corrections.

The flag method is the most common method used to estimate wind speed. A flag blowing in the wind will naturally blow away from the flagpole, with the angle of the bottom of the flag to the flagpole increasing with increasing windspeed. To estimate the wind speed in mph, the angle in degrees between the bottom of the flag to the flagpole at the mid-range position between the shooter and the target is divided by 4. For example, an angle of 60 degrees between the bottom of a flag and a flagpole would be estimated as a 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) windspeed. ^[1]

The clock method is then used to determine full value, half value, or no value corrections in minute of angle for this wind. Aligning the target at the 12 o' clock position or direction, with the 6 o' clock direction being directly behind the shooter, winds at 3 or 9 o'clock are equated to full value, winds at 1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11 o'clock are equated to half value, and winds at 12 and 6 o'clock are equated to no value.^[2]

The minute of angle correction (full value) is then commonly estimated as ((Range meters/ 100) times Wind mph) / C, where C is a constant. The constant C equals 15 for ranges from 100 to 500 meters, 14 for 600 meters, 13 for 700-800 meters, 12 for 900 meters, and 11 for 1000 meters. ^[3] For full value winds, this full windage correction is used. For half value winds, the minute of correction in windage given by this formula is halved; for no value winds, no minute of angle correction in windage is required.^[4]

Multiple flags are required for two reasons. First, the wind speed closest to the mid-point of range has the greatest effect on the projectile. ^[5] In addition, the wind at one part of the range will not always be the same at another part.

Wind flags are not always actual flags, sometimes streamers are used, small triangle flags, or even pin wheels. Factors such as the range length and expected strength of the wind determine the best type of flag to use. When no flags are available, a small leaf or other small light object can be dropped from shoulder height, and the object is then pointed at by the shooter; the angle between his arm and his torso can provide an equivalent wind speed estimation as a wind flag, although it will not be at the mid-range location along the bullet's trajectory. ^[6]

Another article on wind speed:

Wind flags

Wind flags are placed on the range between the shooter and the target, and allow a skilled shooter to judge the amount of correction that needs to be made to hit the target. Flags can be home built[1] or purchased. They generally consist of a wind vane to indicate wind direction, and a cloth or plastic streamer to indicate wind speed (the higher the wind, the greater the angle of the streamer). Multiple flags are usually used, and they are placed at intervals along the path of the bullet from rifle to target. Commercial wind flags may also have a propellor to help judge the wind at higher speeds.

http://www.lasc.us/RangingShotNoWind

MIRAGE

Golf Flags

Long Range

Reading the Wind (Part 2, 600 Yard Firing)

Wind Swag

The USAMU Service Rifle Team fields questions pertaining to a variety of Service Rifle Shooting topics such as Equipment and Ammunition, Shooting Positions and Shooting Techniques and Tactics. Go to the USAMU Shooting Tips Page to view the latest questions and answers.

Scope (Tasco) (review)

22 Long Rifle Wind Drift: Cross Wind

1931 Service Rifle Pamphlet:

The basics of reading the wind still apply at the 600-yard line. Shortly after arriving at the ready line, you should determine the speed, direction and value of the wind. The first task, determining wind speed, has seen competitors arrive at the firing line toting the latest in meteorological marvels. I submit that the human eye and well-trained powers of observation are the equal of any overpriced anemometer (a fancy word for a “wind meter”). The following list of the effects of the wind and their corresponding velocity can be found in the 1931 Service Rifle Pamphlet produced by the US Army Infantry Team. The information is as relevant now as it was then. (Source: USAMU):

0-3 mph: Wind hardly felt, but smoke drifts 3-5 mph: Wind felt lightly on the face 5-8 mph: Leaves are kept in constant movement 8-12 mph: Raises dust and loose paper 12-15 mph: Causes small trees to sway

USING FLAGS TO ESTIMATE THE WIND SPEED

The Beaufort Wind Scale
 

Force	Speed mph	Describe	Effect
0	1	Calm	Smoke straight up
1	3	Light breeze	Smoke slightly bent
2	7	Light air	Leaves rustle
3	11	Gentle breeze	Leaves move
4	19	Moderatebreeze	Small branches move
5	24	Fresh breeze	Small trees sway
6	31	Strong breeze	Large branches move
7	38	Moderate gale	Whole trees move
8	46	Fresh gale	Twigs break off
9	54	Strong Gale	Roofs damged
10	63	Gale	Trees uprooted
11	73	Storm	Widespread damage
12	74+	Hurricane	Widespread destruction

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Source of below: http://www.kitepower.com/beaufort.html

Beaufort*	Avg miles per hour	Avg km per hour	Knots	Surroundings
0 (calm)	0	0	0-1	Smoke rises vertically and the see is mirror smooth
1 (light air)	1.2-3	2-5	1-3	Smokes moves slightly with breeze and  shows direction of wind
2 (light breeze)	3.7 – 7.5	6 – 12	4-6	You can feel wind on your face and hear the leaves start to rustle
3 (gentle breeze)	8 – 12.5	13 – 20	7-10	Smoke will move horizontally and small branches start to sway. Wind extends a light flag
4 (moderate breeze)	13 – 18.6	21 – 30	11-16	Loose dust or sand on the ground will move and larger branches will sway, loose paper blows around, and fairly frequent whitecaps occur
5 (fresh breeze)	19.3 - 25	31 – 40	17-21	Surface waves form on water and small trees sway
6 (strong breeze)	25.5 - 31	41 - 50	22-27	Trees begin to bend with the force of the wind and causes whistling in telephone wires and some spray on the sea surface
7 (moderate gale)	32 - 38	51-61	28-33	large trees sway
8 (fresh gale)	39 - 46	62-74	34-40	twigs break from trees, and long streaks of foam appear on the ocean
9 (strong gale)	47 - 55	75-89	41-47	branches break from trees
10 (whole gale)	56 - 64	90-103	48-55	trees are uprooted, and the sea takes on a white appearance
11 (storm)	65 - 74	104-119	56-63	widespread damage
12 (hurricane)	75+	120+	64 +	structural damage on land and storm waves at sea

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Beaufort Wind Scale

Source of following: http://www.redwitch.com/extras/beaufort_wind_scale.aspx

Lassensharpshooters additions to table: Photos of Flags were incorporated directly into the table, i.e., added); Winds speeds in km/hr and  knots were deleted.

Also, the 1931 Service Rifle Pamphlet summary was added to the column "MPH" as follows:

0-3 mph: Wind hardly felt, but smoke drifts
3-5 mph: Wind felt lightly on the face
5-8 mph: Leaves are kept in constant movement
8-12 mph: Raises dust and loose paper
12-15 mph: Causes small trees to sway

The best known scale for wind speed is that of Sir Francis Beaufort (1774–1857), an admiral in the British navy who drew up the first version in 1806. The Beaufort scale was adopted by the admiralty in 1838 and by the International Meteorological Committee in 1874. Beaufort's original scale (from 1 to 12) was made for use in the open sea and was based upon the amount of sail a man-of-war could carry (Force 12 was a wind “no canvas could withstand”). With the passing of military sail, later revisions focused on other phenomena observable in the open sea and added correlated wind speeds.

By studding this scale and observing water, you can estimate the winds speed with great accuracy.

Beaufort Number or Force		Wind Speed	Description	Effects Land / Sea
	Flag	mph
0		<1	Calm	Still, calm air, smoke will rise vertically. Water is mirror-like.
1	1 Bft	1-3 mph 0-3 mph: Wind hardly felt, but smoke drifts	Light Air	Rising smoke drifts, wind vane is inactive. Small ripples appear on water surface.
2	2 Bft	3-5 mph: Wind felt lightly on the face 4-7 mph 5-8 mph: Leaves are kept in constant movement	Light Breeze	Leaves rustle, can feel wind on your face, wind vanes begin to move. Small wavelets develop, crests are glassy.
3	3 Bft	8-12 mph 8-12 mph: Raises dust and loose paper	Gentle Breeze	Leaves and small twigs move, light weight flags extend. Large wavelets, crests start to break, some whitecaps.
4		13-18 mph 12-15 mph: Causes small trees to sway	Moderate Breeze	Small branches move, raises dust, leaves and paper. Small waves develop, becoming longer, whitecaps.
5		19-24 mph	Fresh Breeze	Small trees sway. White crested wavelets (whitecaps) form, some spray.
6		25-31 mph	Strong Breeze	Large tree branches move,  telephone wires begin to "whistle", umbrellas are difficult to keep under control. Larger waves form, whitecaps prevalent, spray.
7		32-38 mph	Moderate or Near Gale	Large trees sway, becoming difficult to walk. Larger waves develop, white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown.
8		39-46 mph	Gale or Fresh Gale	Twigs and small branches are broken from trees, walking is difficult. Moderately large waves with blown foam.
9		47-54 mph	Strong Gale	Slight damage occurs to buildings, shingles are blown off of roofs. High waves (6 meters), rolling seas, dense foam, Blowing spray reduces visibility.
10		55-63 mph	Whole Gale or Storm	Trees are broken or uprooted, building damage is considerable. Large waves (6-9 meters), overhanging crests, sea becomes white with foam, heavy rolling, reduced visibility.
11		64-72 mph	Violent Storm	Extensive widespread damage. Large waves (9-14 meters), white foam, visibility further reduced.
12		73+ mph	Hurricane	Extreme destruction, devastation. Large waves over 14 meters, air filled with foam, sea white with foam and driving spray, little visibility.

You can use a ordinary flag to give you a good indication of the wind speed. Take a look a the table .

Bft = Beaufort Scale Wind Speed

0 Bft - I assume you can guess what this looks like.

1 Bft - the flag only occasionally flips open, the outer end hangs lower.

2 Bft - the flag is mostly extended, the waves are deep, a large portion of the outer top corner flips back and forth.

3 Bft - the flag is completely extended, the waves are faster and smaller than 2 Bft.

4 Bft and Up - the flag is still completely extended, the waves are faster than 3 Bft. The changes from 4 Bft. and up are more subtile and harder to distinguish from each other, but this is of little concern since the choice is not what kite to fly, but whether to fly a kite at all.

These flags are 5 ft. by 7 ft. (1.5m by 2m) but size makes little difference.

End of information from Source of following: http://www.redwitch.com/extras/beaufort_wind_scale.aspx

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